Reading Journalism A Beginner Guide - 1812 Words

All over the world in reports, people wonder how accurate the information they’re being told by journalist is and expect proof through evidence. This is where math comes along. Without it, it would be hard to know how accurate the information journalists are receiving is. Now I know it sounds crazy that journalists do math, some people choose to define them as â€Å"word people†, but a good journalist needs to acquire a few math skills. Understanding numbers and being able to interpret their meaning clearly to readers is an important role of being a journalist. In order for readers to better understand current issues, journalists need to use their knowledge. Statistics is the main type of math found in journalism. This can be proven in†¦show more content†¦Doing so, they need their information to be accurate with tangible evidence. A journalist’s first obligation is the truth. In the book â€Å"How The Mass Media Really Work†, it states â€Å"Jou rnalists are more liberal than elites and the public, and media content, especially in pluritic systems, is much more critical of those elites and dominant values than content in small, homogeneous systems (204, Kim).† He’s basically saying that journalists are open to new behavior and are willing to discard traditional values. When a journalist gathers information its called reporting. This differs from the production part of the job such as writing articles. On the other hand, statistics is the study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data. A statistical procedure involves testing the relationship of the two variables and forming a hypothesis. This leaves the experimenter with valid information to further the experiment. It also provides them with essentials for controlling the course of scientific and societal advances. Statistics can be found everywhere. Many jobs that require the individual to make decisions, cannot be made without statistical techniques. Statistics can be found in journalism in many different ways. The increasingly part of the daily report for journalists is working with numbers. According to the article â€Å"Numbers in the Newsroom: A Qualitative

Northern vs. Southern American Colonies 1700s Essay

By the 1700’s, The northern and souther colonies had evolved into two distinct societies. This is so because the northern and southern colonies had different environments and also different reasons of settlement. The North was established for mainly religious freedom, while on the other hand, the south had been established for economic freedom. The climate also affected the different turnout of the north and the south. The north was much colder and so their soil was not beneficial for farming, so the people of the north found other jobs, while on the other side, the south had rich soil and the colonists there used that idea to set up huge plantations and farms. The northern colonies symbolized the industrial power where industries were†¦show more content†¦The northern colonies were very much different from the southern because they were colonized for different reasons. The north was colonized for freedom of worship and freedom of political thought. The colonies had hope for a separate society, where they could show their homeland, how a country should be run. The northern colonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to live and worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the opposites of the New England colony’s attributes. The Southern Colonies were the Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, Virginia and Province of Georgia. The Southern colonies were developed for freedom of economic opportunity.Their economy was supported by plantations, mostly run by slaves. The South would focus more on massive slaves work to grow tobacco and rice that they would sell to England. The southern colonies had goals for mercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. They also had a government based on a royal government, where the state was governed by a governor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen by the people. South colonies had smaller towns, more fields. To sum it all up, the northern and southern colonies were as different as day and night. They were colonized for different reason. Also they had a very diverse climate. Their pattern of trade wasShow MoreRelatedHist405 Full Course Latest 2015 Spring [ All Discussions , All Quizes and All Assignments ]3084 Words   |  13 Pageshow and why slavery developed in the American colonies. Why couldn’t colonists use indentured servants as they had in the past? How would you describe the differences between slaves and indentured servants Colonial Identities (graded) The colonies of New England, the Mid –Atlantic and the Upper and Lower South developed their own forms of culture, conduct and commerce. 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Tale of Two Cities Free Essays

Tale of Two Cities In the opening quote of â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†, by Charles Dickens, a very complex sentence is stated that consists of anaphoric contradictions. Many of these contradictions contain phrases where one side of the contradiction has a negative connotation and the other has a positive connotation. In contemporary times, many events contain match the contradictions stated in the quote. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale of Two Cities or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many examples of events that go along with the quote, but prime examples include the feud between Iraq and the USA, third world countries, and many economic and health problems. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times†. This opening quote of â€Å"A tale of Two Cities† can relate to many things in contemporary times. One example that represents this quote clearly is the constant feuds between the US and Iraq. One minute, America is calm and clear of disputes, just continuing on everyday lives, when suddenly, out of the blue, one of the biggest terrorist attacks occurred, and the US is declaring war with another country. Also, while daily life in America is usually normal and ordinary, overseas, a war is taking place, and soldiers could lose their lives any minute. While people in the USA could be having the best of times, the worst of times could be happening to many people elsewhere. Next, another part of the opening quote that relates to modern times is â€Å"We had everything before us, we had nothing before us. † Not only does this relate ti the poverty- stricken people in the world, but more promptly the people in third world countries. In the United States, most people always are able to provide themselves with necessities and have everything before them. On the contrary, many unfortunate people in third world countries barely have anything before them. Lastly, another quote from the opening statement of the book is â€Å"It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair†. This quote can relate to many different things. An example could be a hopeful country receding into a recession or depression. Many economies lead populations from hope to despair. Another match to the quote could be the victims of cancer hoping to be cured; but feeling despair when informed about the lack of a cure. Many things and events in this world leave people hoping, and then lead them straight to despair. In the end, the quote by Charles Dickens stating contradictions in the beginning of â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† can relate to contemporary times, even though written in a much earlier time period. Many of the contradictions stated coincide with many events happening currently or in the past. How to cite Tale of Two Cities, Papers Tale of Two Cities Free Essays During a time of lost hope, death and war, the `golden thread’, Lucie Manette plays the roll of a heroine doing everything she can to make sure the important people in her life are loved. Lucie provides not only warmth toward her father, Dr. Manette, but also towards the man that yearns for Lucie’s love; Sydney Carton. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale of Two Cities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite all the negativity that surrounds Lucie and her loved ones, she doesn’t fail to lead her father and Carton to rebirth. During a time of lost hope, death and war, the `golden thread’, Lucie Manette plays the roll of a heroine doing everything she can to make sure the important people in her life are loved. Lucie provides not only warmth toward her father, Dr. Manette, but also towards the man that yearns for Lucie’s love; Sydney Carton. Despite all the negativity that surrounds Lucie and her loved ones, she doesn’t fail to lead her father and Carton to rebirth. Unlike the process of actual birth, rebirth is associated with rejuvenation. Rebirth is a second or new birth and in the case of A Tale of Two Cities it is deserved. Rebirth is portrayed as nothing close to the literal meaning of birth at all. Charles Dickens makes it obvious that Dr. Manette and Carton both deserve a second chance by showing that they both really are good people. In chapter 19, Dr. Manette earns rebirth by gaining the strength to mentally and literally walk away from the negative attitude that is associated with his shoemaking bench and his past times. Carton shows that he deserves rebirth in chapter 13 by proving that he is a good and caring person when he tells Lucie that even though he craves her love, all he wants is for her to be happy. After Dr. Manette’s imprisonment in the Bastille for 18 years, the only thing he willingly says is `105 north tower` and is seemingly hypnotized by his shoemaking bench. This is where Dickens lets the reader know that Dr. Manette’s imprisonment drives him insane. When Dr. Manette is rescued by Defarge and brought to his `long lost’ daughter, rebirth does not take place immediately, as the doctor continues to repeat things to himself. In chapter 5, Lucie is portrayed as a caring character simply by the description given of her, as well as others reactions to her. â€Å"†¦ His eyes rested on a short, slight, pretty figure, a quantity of golden hair [and] a pair of blue eyes that met his own. † From simply the description given of Lucie, she can be recognized as a caring person. Lorry’s reaction to Lucie also strengthens Lucie’s caring glow. â€Å"As his eyes rested on these things, a sudden vivid likeness passed before him of a child whom he had held in his arms†¦ † As Dickens compares Lucie to a child, her innocence is proclaimed. Although the rebirth of Dr. Manette does not take place immediately, Lucie shows her love for her father from the beginning of his arrival. In chapter six of book the first while Lucie is greeting her father for the first time in 18 years, she tells him that â€Å"the agony is over†¦ I have come here to take you from it†¦ This is where the rebirth starts because this is where Dickens lets the reader know that Lucie is going to do all she can for her father and give him only love. After Dr. Manette’s return to England, its obvious that the doctor is slowly returning to sanity in chapter five when Dr. Manette is able to make full conversation at Charles Darnay`s trial. In chapter seven of book the third, the narrator updates us on Dr. Manette. â€Å"No garret, no shoemaking, no One Hundred and Five, North Tower, now! He had accomplished the task he had set himself. This is where Dickens lets us know that Dr. Manette’s return to sanity has been completed. While Lucie continues to care for her father, another man, Sydney Carton, makes it known that he as well needs Lucie to cure him. Just as Lucie did with her father, Lucie will try and do all she can to help her dear friend Carton. In chapter 13 when Carton stops at the Manette’s house, he has a conversation with Lucie in which he tells her how he feels about himself. At the peak of this conversation, Lucie says â€Å"can I not recall you†¦ to a better course? Can I in no way repay your confidence? † This makes it known that Lucie will be the one to give Carton a second chance. Lucie does in fact use her love and sympathy to lead Carton to rebirth and Dickens later shows the effects Lucie has had on Carton. â€Å"[Carton] was so unlike what he had ever shown himself to be, and it was so sad to think how much he had thrown away†¦ † This a totally new tone that is shown by Carton, whereas from the start of the book to the introduction of Lucie and his conversation, he was described as a drunk nobody that obviously thought nothing of himself. In chapter four of book the first Darnay comments to Carton â€Å"I think you have been drinking, Mr. Carton. † To this, Carton responds † Think? You know I have been drinking. I am a disappointed drudge, sir. I care for no man on earth and no man on earth cares for me. † During chapter 13 where Lucie says to Carton â€Å"I entreated you to believe again and again, most fervently, with all my heart, was capable of better things, Mr. Carton! † Lucie has saved Carton by letting him know that she believed in him. Both Dr. Manette and Sydney Carton have been saved by the impact of Lucie’s unfailing care. Lucie saves her father by simply caring for him and being a friend, and she also saves Sydney Cartons life by believing in him and letting him know that he meant more than he thought. The characters in A Tale of Two Cities obviously play predominant roles in each other’s lives, and resurrection, or rebirth is one of the main themes in this novel. Dickens uses the power of love to oppose war that is surrounding all of France and England. Resurrection was a very clever theme for Dickens to use because if the characters in A Tale of Two Cities couldn’t be recalled back to life, they would simply die off. How to cite Tale of Two Cities, Papers

Procurement and Supply Chain Management for Sapphire Energy

Question: Discuss about theProcurement and Supply Chain Management for Sapphire Energy. Answer: Introduction The Laburnum Group is a major company with diverse business under one fold. The company is keen on its performance which ensures that all stakeholders are contented. However, time to time organizations are faced with issues that may be affecting their processes. Part of entities under Laburnum, particularly energy and clothing, are currently impacted by challenges and inefficiencies which have brought about the need to re-evaluate the systems. This report aims to provide adequate evaluation and analysis on the businesses and the relevant factors involved. Sapphire Energy Sapphire Energy and Eastern Power have quite a functional business relationship. Eastern Power shows financial strength and capacity to deliver on the arrangements. The system displays a good degree of reliability but the system can achieve much more. The reduced lead time is instrumental in enhancing the performance of the company (Treville et al, 2014). Customer lead time is essential for continued business relations. Reduced material lead time is important to the operations of Sapphire. The current system has regular production schedules which increases efficiency through reduction of the lead time (Christopher, 2016; Stadtler, 2015). The shipping system is effective in delivery of products. The costs associated are relatively standard for quality shipping. Procurement of the products in the established quantity has saved the company on carrying costs which makes the system sufficient. The Eastern Power storeroom size is essential in achieving this. Inventory holding costs are higher with less space utilization. This shipment of material reduces cycles required. Subsequently, this reduces the total ordering costs of the whole inventory. It is also important to be aware of the minimum order quantities albeit the orders of Sapphire are above. Without the discounts, purchases made in minimum order quantity helps in cost saving. The system is more effective with appropriate tracking of the inventory movements (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). Recommendations for Improvement There are some aspects that can be done to the system to enable improvement and better operations overall. The company should prioritize store keeping units (SKUs). These should conform to the objectives of the company and have the necessary class size to maximize investment. The SKUs should be repeatedly evaluated to ensure the company ahs adequate SKU intensity. The purchase of the cables should be done when customer lead times, acquisition lead times and order quantity relationships are suitable helps reduce inventory. The acquisition capacity should nevertheless surpass the demand (Hugos, 2018). Communication is of utmost importance. Clear and consistent communication with suppliers through the process should always be emphasized so that expectations of the customer are always met. Effective information systems should be applied to further reduce lead times (Hugos, 2018). This will automatically increase efficiency. Joint procurement procedures can be utilized to purchase products to help reduce unit purchase costs. This reduces the annual purchase transactions and cycle stock inventory. Cross-docking is also a vital strategy that can be applied in the case. Terms of payment between Sapphire and Eastern Power should be extended to improve the effectiveness of working capital (Shih et al, 2012). Calculations Economic Order Quantity: sqrt (2*155000*10/1.35) = 1515.4 Annual ordering cost: 155000/1515*50= $5115.5 Annual holding cost: 1515/2*1.35= $1022.6 Number of orders: 155000/4500=34 Total cost= (4500/2)*1.35+(155000/4500)*50 =3037.5+1722.2= 4759.7 AusCotton Strategic sourcing is key in supply chain management (Cox, 2015). The process evaluates methods, procedures and sources in maximization of the value of the business. Strategic sourcing entails negotiations, assessment of supply transactions and analysis of purchasing budget (Monteiro Birkinshaw, 2017). This process is sometimes impacted by some global factors. One global issue that is impacts strategic sourcing is the political environment. Political instability poses a huge threat on strategic sourcing by supply chains operating on the global stage. Politics plays a major role in the productivity and quality of sourcing. Calm in politics ensures that there are no sourcing delays, change in sources and routes for moving the supply. The opposite occurs when there are political tensions around the world. Volatile political situation destroys strategic partnerships and threatens global sourcing strategy (Eltantawy, Giunipero Handfield, 2014). Global economy is major factor in strategic sourcing. A stable economy ensures that there the financials are consistent and supply chains gain value form their investment. Conducive global financial climate promotes global businesses. This allows strategic sourcing by companies globally. Instability brings the aspect of risk in global sourcing. Fluctuations of the currency exchange rates affects the business as money has to be exchanged between nations in the global market. Strategic sourcing in this case is enhanced through management of information on currency values (Lasserre, 2017). Global companies have to abide by code of business ethics. In strategic sourcing, this code is very relevant. In global sourcing, supply chains need to operate with transparency and accountability in their activities. There are laws that govern how trade is conducted. It is crucial for businesses to ensure full compliance for continuous improvement in the system. The working conditions of the global companies are also vital to their sourcing (Lasserre, 2017). Regulations are diverse across countries due to difference in industrial standards. The regulations affect sourcing substantially. Companies therefore need to evaluate the circumstance and gain clear perspective on differences. In the case of AusCotton, the differences are vital to understand given they have interests in a number of countries (Eltantawy, Giunipero Handfield, 2014). Impact of Forecasts The forecasts carried out are in some cases inaccurate. As such, there are resulting effects on the business. The companys products can overstay their specified period. This means that changes in season happens while the stores are still stocked for the just-ended season. The other effect is that there may be a shortage in the products while there is still demand. In this case, an example is that summer may come while the stores are still stocked with products developed for winter, or stocks get finished before the season ends (Schmitt Singh, 2012). The volatility that affects the business makes it hard for the companies to follow their strategy. This volatility means that the process gets distorted by the challenge of varying lead times. This situation has the potential of causing much risk. In some situations, however, volatility may work to the advantage of the business. The costs of transport are relatively given that the service requires numerous trips as orders are made. The problem with transport can be partly taken care of through enabling early orders which can then be transported together to avoid numerous trips for deliveries. Early preparation is also effective with volatility and the imperfect forecasts. This will mean fewer disruptions based on these aspects. There period between production and shipping should not be substantial to minimize carrying costs (Schmitt Singh, 2012; Sawik, 2014). Elements of Strategic Sourcing There are elements that need to be reassessed and improved. Risk analysis is one key element. Given the challenges observed from the case, there is need for more assessment of the risks that are presented in sourcing. This will enhance capabilities of the organization in handling risks. It is very crucial to improve on gathering market information. This should provide the company with more insight on the market. In total cost of ownership, there is room for improvement. This should help comprehend better true costs of products and services provided (Presley, Meade Sarkis, 2016). Handling Contract Manufacturers The contract manufacturers are ethically wrong in their actions. Selling of counterfeit and illegal products goes against the business code. This is a breach of trust between the company and the constructors. Given that their efforts are unauthorized and work against the performance of AusCotton, the contract should be terminated. The contract manufacturers are going against the objectives of the company which the contractors should conform to with the contract in place. Change of contract manufacturers is necessary in this situation. AusCotton displays a business model that has been able to fulfill the needs of clients competitively and sustainably. The organization is a premier clothing company in Australia. The success of the model has seen a decline due to the disruptions and challenges. The model needs improvement in sourcing strategy to maximize the profits from the products and services. The sourcing regions are significant towards the business. They regions have affordable and sufficient labor and surplus raw materials (Rajesh Ravi, 2015). The company presents remarkable capabilities in the clothing business. The entity is well established and prominent in a number of continents. The range of products offered across all the distribution centers show that the company is a force to be reckoned with in the market. The range of products and locations show the financial capabilities of the organization (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015). The relationship with contractors leaves a lot to be desired in AusCotton. Contractual agreements are binding and in enforced through rules and regulations of business conduct. Partners need to show integrity and commitment towards the set goals (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015; Rajesh Ravi, 2015). The relationship with contract manufacturers is less than ideal because of their involvement in illegal counterfeits. In Sapphire, the relationship portrayed in the partnership is ideal. This association promotes customer and supplier satisfaction, unlike in AusCotton. Economic order quantity describes the appropriate order quantity that the company should purchase for its inventory. The calculated figure shows that the system that Sapphire employees does not effectively reduce inventory costs. This means that the inefficiencies experienced are resulting in higher costs (Sawik, 2014). Smaller quantity of shipments will mean higher fixed order expenses and less holding costs. There is lesser need for space in Eastern Power and less money in form of cables. This results in more savings. The procurement system in Sapphire incurs additional costs based on the variables. The system requires higher number of orders of lower quantities of shipments to realize cost minimization (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015). References Treville, S., Schrhoff, N., Trigeorgis, L., Avanzi, B. (2014). Optimal sourcing and lead?time reduction under evolutionary demand risk.Production and Operations Management,23(12), 2103-2117. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management andadvanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: Abalanced approach. Cengage Learning. Shih, S. C., Hsu, S. H., Zhu, Z., Balasubramanian, S. K. (2012). Knowledge sharingA keyrole in the downstream supply chain.Information Management,49(2), 70-80. Hugos, M. H. (2018).Essentials of supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Schmitt, A. J., Singh, M. (2012). A quantitative analysis of disruption risk in a multi-echelonsupply chain.International Journal of Production Economics,139(1), 22-32. Sawik, T. (2014). Optimization of cost and service level in the presence of supply chain disruption risks: Single vs. multiple sourcing.Computers Operations Research,51, 11-20. Cox, A. (2015). Sourcing portfolio analysis and power positioning: towards a paradigm shift incategory management and strategic sourcing.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,20(6), 717-736. Eltantawy, R., Giunipero, L., Handfield, R. (2014). Strategic sourcing managements mindset: strategic sourcing orientation and its implications.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(10), 768-795. Monteiro, F., Birkinshaw, J. (2017). The external knowledge sourcing process in multinational corporations.Strategic Management Journal,38(2), 342-362. Presley, A., Meade, L., Sarkis, J. (2016, July). A strategic sourcing evaluation methodology for reshoring decisions. InSupply Chain Forum: An International Journal(Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 156-169). Taylor Francis. Heckmann, I., Comes, T., Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition,measure and modeling.Omega,52, 119-132. Rajesh, R., Ravi, V. (2015). Supplier selection in resilient supply chains: a grey relational analysis approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,86, 343-359. Lasserre, P. (2017).Global strategic management. Palgrave.

Suspense In Julius Caesar Essays - Julius Caesar, Junii,

Suspense In Julius Caesar Shakespeare's Methods of Suspense In Julius Caesar Shakespeare used many techniques to build suspense in Julius Caesar, but the two events that moved the story the most, the siloqueys by Brutus and the other conspirators and Caesar's wife's dream, created the suspense up until Caesar's assassination. When the reader reads Brutus' siloquey, they feel on edge for the first time. This is a turning point in the story and the reader ponders if Brutus will join the conspirators. When he begins his speech with ?It must be his death.?(Act 2 Scene 1 Pg 49 Line 10) the reader becomes overwhelmed with shock. Since Brutus was one of the most honorable senators, the fact that he would go against his friend generates a sudden urgency in the play. After reading that Brutus deems Caesar as ?a serpent's egg, which hatched would, as his kind, grow mischievous. [We] should kill him in the shell.? the reader is anxious that Caesar will be killed shortly (Act 2 Scene 1 Pg 51 Lines 33-36). Since Brutus' speech occurred at his house, in private, Caesar rem ains totally unaware of Brutus' plan, causing the reader to scream in agony of the dramatic irony they've just read. Fortunately for Caesar, his wife has a vision of the coming day's events. Calphurnia has a dream that Caesar will be murdered the next day. During Calphurnia's dream of Caesar's death, the reader gets a feeling of the tension inside the story. Caphurina's dream, one of death and mayhem, and so vivid and graphic it causes her to scream out ?Help ho, they murder Caesar!? three times. (Act 2 Scene Pg. 75 Lines 1-3) Caesar tells Decius Brutus later ?She dreamt tonight that she saw my statue, which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, did run pure blood; and many lusty Romans came smiling and did bathe their hands in it. And these does she apply for warnings and portents and evils imminent, and on her knee hath begged that I will stay at home today.? (Act 2 Scene 2 Pg 81 lines 81-87) Caesar truly believes that the truth of the vision and the reader believes that he will stay at home. Unfortunately, the man Caesar told his dream to happens to be aligned with Brutus. He convinces Caesar that ?This is all amiss interpreted? (Act Scene 2 Pg 81 Line 88). The reader feels the suspense because they know Caesar has just taken the bait and the conspiritors are waiting to reel him in. In conclusion, Shakespeare created such suspense using the foreshadowing by Calphurnia and the siloquey by Brutus that the reader felt an immeasurable amount of emotions that only the great playwright could ensue. Bibliography Julius Caesar William Shakespeare

Online English To Chinese Translation Resources

Online English To Chinese Translation Resources There are many cases in which you might need to translate from English to Chinese. Perhaps you are running a multi-lingual event, need a little guidance with Chinese homework, a native Chinese speaker learning English, or simply curious. For whatever situation, hopefully  this  list of online English to Chinese translation resources beyond Google Translate can be helpful.   English To Chinese Words When translating words, an English to Chinese dictionary can be used for this purpose. There are several online English to Chinese dictionaries, including: YellowBridge Chinese-English Talking DictionaryMandarin Tools Chinese-English DictionaryLexiconer English to Chinese Dictionary English To Chinese Phrases While words are relatively easy to translate from English to Chinese, it is much more difficult to translate phrases. Google Translate allows you to paste in text or specify a web page for translation, but the result is sometimes difficult to understand. English to Chinese phrase translators include: Babel FishBubblesHow To SayReverso Translation Services None of these online translators do a very good job of translating from English to Chinese. If results are critical, you will have to hire an English to Chinese translation service. The ideal English to Chinese translator will be a native Mandarin speaker with a good knowledge of English. Small firms which specialize in English / Chinese language pairs are also a good choice since they usually have both native English speakers and native Mandarin speakers on staff, who work together on translation projects.

Seminar 1 bio nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seminar 1 bio nutrition - Essay Example - Shredded Wheat), and one that is NOT nutritious (e.g. – Oreos). Compare the following areas: Ingredient List, Daily Values, Nutrition Facts, and Health Messages. What would be the consequences of daily consumption of each of these cereals for a lifetime? Let us cite the most obvious ingredient between a cereal and an Oreo which is carbohydrates, protein, sugar and fiber content per serving. Oreo has 160 calories, 1g fiber, 14g sugar and 1 protein while shredded wheat has 128.6 calories, 3.5 fiber and 5.3 protein and 0 sugar. At least Oreo has no pretension to be a healthy food and rather capitalize on its taste and experience (evident with the gimmickry of its advertisements). Shredded Wheat on the other hand conveys the message that it is good for your heart and digestion and makes you lose weight. This is true when taken regularly because shredded wheat is fortified with omega 3 which reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The high fiber content of shredded wheat can improve digestion because it â€Å"mops out† dirt in the intestine as well as oil in our system. The protein will build muscle provided a person will exercise. The net effect to person’s body with this diet is reduced weight and free from hypertens ion and cardiovascular disease. Oreo on the other hand when taken as diet, will make a person fat, diabetic and susceptible to cardiovascular disease. Phytochemicals are compounds produced by plants. They are chemicals produced by vegetables, fruits, grains and other plants. The most commonly known phytochemicals are beta carotene, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), folic acid, and vitamin E (American Cancer Society, 2008). The good sources of phytochemicals are polyphenols and carotenoids. Polyphenols are plant chemicals found in a wide of fruits, grains and vegetables such as cabbage, eggplants, grapes etch. Carotenoids on the other hand are those plants and fruits that contain

Bacteriocins and Their Impact on Our Lives and Agriculture Article

Bacteriocins and Their Impact on Our Lives and Agriculture - Article Example Andre Gratia was the first to uncover the inhibition property of bacteriocins in a compound he named colicin v, which was released by a virulent strain of E.coli bacteria. In 1954, Pierre Frederic uncovered the genetic determinates of colicin, as a conjugation transmissible element that is similar to the F factor. Since then a host of bacteriocins have been discovered, and our understanding of the usefulness of bacteriocins moves forward (Scienceray, 2012). Bacteriocins Bacteriocins are a constituent of the wide array of microbial defense systems. All bacteria produce bacteriocins (Riley & Chavan, 2007). These bacteriocins are proteinaceous compounds, which are lethal to bacteria other than the releasing strain. The spectrum of antibacterial activity can vary from narrow spectrum, with confined inhibition of closely related bacterial species or broad to include several of the other bacterial species (Joerger, 2003). Bacteriocins from gram positive bacteria are associated with the bro ader range of antibacterial range of activity. While initial studies were focused on colicins from E-coli and the bacteriocins from other gram negative bacteria, the current focus of studies on bacteriocins is on the bacteriocins from the gram positive bacteria, as they are assumed to have more application in humans and in foods and other products (Chen & Hoover, 2003). At first glance there may be a tendency to classify the bacteriocins as an extension of the traditional peptide antibiotics, because they are synthesized peptides. Yet, they are different, and it is in the essence of this difference that their utility lies. Unlike peptide antibiotics, which are synthesized by enzymes bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides. In addition, while typical antibiotics are active against a broad range of bacteria, bacteriocins have a narrow range of activity within its own bacteria species or closely related bacteria species. Furthermore, there is an important and unique differenc e in the potency. Within its narrow range of antibacterial activity it is potent in nanomolar concentrations, while in the case of antibiotics a much higher concentration is required for potent antibiotic activity. Though the initial origins and studies on bacteriocins pertain to those produced by gram negative bacteria, the current research on bacteriocins focuses more on the bacteriocins produced by gram positive bacteria, because of the greater potential utility seen in them. Any evaluation of bacteriocins produced by gram positive bacteria is best undertaken by studying them as two groups, namely the heat-stable lantibiotics and the nonmodified heat-stable bacteriocins (Nes, 2011). Bacteriocins from the gram positive lactobacillus are the most investigated group of bacteriocins. Class – I of these bacteriocins consist of the lantibiotics, which are heat stable. They comprise of post-transitionally modified peptides, having multiple rings, bridged by lanthiones or methylla nthionine residues (Zendo & Sonomoto, 2011). Class I bacteriocins are further

Argumentive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argumentive Summary - Essay Example Therefore, the household in which a child spends their preschool years can have a major impact on their success and educational development for many years to come. We might consider the extent Brice’s thesis is convincing, and to what extent the evidence she offers to support it is comprehensive. It seems to me that Heath’s work is extremely convincing, and offers a helpful analysis of a hugely important issue, that is, giving children the best start possible in their education. Heath makes an important contribution to academic work on the importance of the preschool environment for a child’s subsequent, formal education. As well as dealing with the very particular examples of the three neighborhoods she selects for analysis, Heath also provokes the reader’s thoughts on more general issues, for example in commenting that teachers and researchers ‘have not recognized that ways of taking from books are as much a part of learned behavior as are ways of eating, sitting, playing games, and building houses’ (97). ... Of course, the implications of this statement are central to the essay and its arguments. Heath’s essay is based on the assumption that a child will imitate practices they learn in the household, and these will either facilitate or obstruct the schooling process later on. Heath is therefore positing the notion that due to their acquisition from the home environment, literary skills can be acquired as naturally as any others. Heath states that adults provide their children with ways ‘taking from books’, which will come to seem natural in schools, businesses, or offices (97). Given that we live in a highly literate society, where reading and writing are needed for even basic tasks, and having established that the basics of literacy can be taken from adults in the home environment, as discussed above, it is striking that Heath approaches a field on which little work has been done. Little is known about the functioning of these processes in practice. Heath therefore p erforms a valuable task for the extension of our knowledge when she chooses to survey the importance of ‘literary events’, in which ‘participants follow socially established rules for verbalizing what they know about the written material’ (98). As the title of the essay indicates, one such event might be the bedtime story, and this theme is carried throughout Heath’s analysis. Heath’s approach is also interesting in that she does not just work on patterns detected in ‘mainstream’ households, but also on those she finds in alternative styles of household (98). She chooses three communities in the Southeastern United States – a middle-income area called Maintown, where the households surveyed have a mother who has taught in local public schools (100); Roadville – a

Steps in Formulating Business Strategy

Steps in Formulating Business Strategy What is strategy? Why is it so challenging for organisations? Introduction: â€Å"Strategy† It’s [A1]a one word but it have a whole language in it. Strategy can be describe in its best meaning that it’s the way of Art and Science of Planning And marshalling [A2]the resources for their most affective an offensive use to bring about a desired future. Strategy is the way through which an organization can move from one milestone to other in pursuit of the overall goals. Without Strategy a company can be like a person without its nervous system so if an Organization wants to move in a race with other companies they have to make solid strategies for their organization. The term Strategy is derived from the Greek â€Å"strategos† meaning a general set of man oeuvres carried out to overcome an enemy. Strategy mostly involves to Set goals determine the actions to achieve goals and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. The main them of strategy is how the end goal will be achieved through the mean (Resources). There three main compon ents of any strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). 1) Diagnosis 2) Guiding Policy: That will define how to deal with those challenges 3) Action Plans: Its Designed to carry out the guiding policy Diagnosis: This step is basic Component for any strategy planner though this the worker of an organization get able know which kind of challenge is this it will and it will explain whole scenario of challenge to the worker of an organization (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Guiding Policy: As a worker of an organization get Diagnosis of a challenge to its organization then a guiding policy will be needed which will define how to deal with that challenge which they are facing? Action plan: After Guiding policy the worker needs an Action Plans which is designed to carry out that guiding policy Beside these three basic components strategy involves two major processes which are 1) Formulating Strategy 2) Implementing Strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Formulating strategy: This step basically depends upon the components of strategy. Formulation involves analyzing the environment or situation, making diagnosis and developing the guiding policy. Implementing Strategy: Implementation refers to the action plans taken to achieve goals which are established by the guiding policy. [A3] Why strategy is so challenging for organizations? To run a business or organization strategies are needed without that organization or a company can’t reach to our desired goal[A4]. Strategies are like a soul for organizations, because with time they have to face tough challenges and to complete those challenges strategies plays important role.[A5] With time to time the board of director change their strategies because of Competitor which are in market and need to unique strategy through which they can produce the result in order to maintain the fruitful result in a reliability of specific organization (Goldhirsch, et, all, 2011). Here are some points which strategy make rs thinks before making strategy and this indicates why Strategies are so challenging for an organizations Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Strategy formulation and implementation areseparate,[A6] distinguishable parts of the strategic management process of business. Logically, implementation follows formulation; one cannot implement something until that something exists (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Without formulation and implementation the business cannot give the fruit which organization desires. Formulation and implementation is like a two legs of strategy which able to move it on their way Execution takes time: The successful implementation of strategy takes more time than its formulation. This can challenge managers’ attention to execution details. The longer time frame can also detract from managers’ attention to strategic goals (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Controls must be set to provide feedback and keep management abreast of external â€Å"shocks† and changes. The process of execution must be dynamic and adaptive, responding to unanticipated events. This imperative challenges managers responsible for execution. Understanding uncertainties and risks: In business the board of director has to think on the answer of the question that: how did we get here? Answering this question is a more difficult for deciding what policies and actions will push future performance in the desired direction.And while moving in that direction the directors have to think about the risks and uncertainties in business and for limiting and low down effect of that risks they have to make best strategy because if that strategy fails on that risks their company will not able to stand in market as they were before (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Assessing and selecting among options: The goal is to select now, without perfect information, the strongest set of actions that will move the business towards its goals. Here it is important to consider not only the potential ‘bottom line’ benefits, but also the each of option under uncertain future conditions and the relative difficulty and time required for implementation (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Customer Retention: IF an organization doesn’t have an effective business strategy for costumer they will lose the customers easily and for that organization needs Develop a program for following up on customers, and for staying in touch with repeat customers to make sure your products are working properly. Organization has tried to find new ways to help the customer with your product. When customers call in with problems, there needs to be an established and efficient customer service strategy in place to reduce customer stress (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Customer follow-up procedures and efficient customer service programs are essential to customer retention and sales revenue. Clarity in Direction of Activities: Strategies focus on direction of activities by specifying what activities are to be undertaken for achieving organizational objectives (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). They make the organizational objectives more clear and specific. For example, a business organization may define its objective as profit earning or a non-business organization may define its objective as social objective. strategies will provide how profit objective can be sharply defined in terms of how much profits is to be earned and what resources Of how much profit is to be earned and what resources will be required for that. When objectives are spelled out in these terms, they provide clear direction to per-sons in the organization responsible for implementing various courses of action. Most people perform better if they know clearly what they are expected to do and where their organization is going (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oi vo Markkula, 2010, September). Organizational Management: Management of any organization is playing a pivotal role in order to maintain strategy and the business on the zenith. This is the management which makes all success possible, through assurance of team work. This is the management which make the company out from the peril and which safe the company from any difficult situation. The role of management is much more authentic and much more systematic which includes the system much provide the way to accomplished the given tasks by higher authorities. This is the reason through which staffs are organized and all works are managed (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Feasibility Study: Feasibility study is most essential in order to maintain the work of the firm and for strategy planning. Through this feasibility process management of our firm must be active to know that what is actual amount which is use to initiate any business or to maintain any firm. Feasibility study is the keen interest of the person which effectively works in order to maintain the system more actively and more systematically (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). The feasibility study tells our organization that how much budget we have to initiate any project in UAE or to maintain it into the sustainability and harmonizing it. Competitor Analysis: The competitor analysis is the techniques which must be known by the manager or higher authorities’ officials to maintain the status of their company into peak. This is the analysis in which a manager forecasting the capabilities and future position of his own firm and compare it with other firm. After getting result he engages to work more for the sake of maintenance of his firm. In UAE the competition in business is getting increase day by day (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). We must have to maintain the marketing and apply different techniques in order to beat the market value of our client. It also considering of following and take out the anti ways to beat the competition of your competition. We have to promotes our policies and provide the best results with best deals of facilitates to attract the more clients (MandiĆ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). [A7] Conclusion: To be on successive path organization or company should have to think about what best strategy they would make so they can stand in market and beat their competitors in marketing line. Without strategies company will not able to stand a day and if the directors of organizations want fruitful organization then they have to make first pillar first which is Strategy. References: Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., Smith, B. K. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults.Medicine and science in sports and exercise,41(2), 459-471. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/19127177[A8] Goldhirsch, A. 2., Wood, W. C., Coates, A. S., Gelber, R. D., Thà ¼rlimann, B., Senn, H. J. (2011). Strategies for subtypes—dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011.Annals of oncology, mdr304. Retrieved from http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/annonc.mdr304.short[A9] Jansen, F., Janssen, D. (2010). Effects of positive politeness strategies in business letters.Journal of pragmatics,42(9), 2531-2548 retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216610000627 MandiĆ¡, V., Basili, V., Harjumaa, L., Oivo, M., Markkula, J. (2010, September). Utilizing GQM+ Strategies for business value analysis: An approach for evaluating business goals. InProceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement(p. 20). ACM. Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1852813 Petros, R. A., DeSimone, J. M. (2010). Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,9(8), 615-627. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v9/n8/abs/nrd2591.html[A10] [A1]Weak Start [A2]And should have been smaller [A3]Could have elaborayed [A4]Our desired goal, means? [A5]Weak sentence [A6]Why it is italics? [A7]Kindly arrange the document so as to relate to the topic and present strong arguments. [A8]Irrelevant reference [A9]Irrelevant reference [A10]All references are utter nonsense, nothing is relevant

just war Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the oldest traditions in religious ethics is that of the just war. The "Just War Theory" specifies under which conditions war is just. Opposition based on the Just War Theory differs from that of pacifists. Oppositionists oppose particular wars but not all war. Their opposition is based on principals of justice rather than principles of pacifism (Becker 926). In the monotheistic religious traditions of Christianity and Islam, one role of God (or Allah) is to limit or control aggressions among humankind. In these religious traditions, God establishes an ideal or standard for the righteous use of force by followers of the faith. These standards, or just war traditions, address details of when to use force to solve disputes, to what extent the force should be employed, and whose blessing is required to insure that the use of force is appropriate in the eyes of God. If a situation satisfies the just war tradition in that culture and the aggression is carried out for religious reasons, the action can be further classified as holy war. Many Americans connect the concept of holy war only with Islam. In fact the Christian crusades during the middle ages were just such a holy war being waged by Christians against Muslims. Whether a particular situation qualifies as a holy war or not, the focus of the just war tradition is to ask God for approval. â€Å"Appeals to ‘holy war’ or ‘religious crusade’ in one or another tradition are one type of appeal to divine authority regarding the use of force.† In recent history numerous conflicts, border skirmishes, battles and wars have arisen in which governments have decided to apply military force to varying degrees. Inevitably, politicians, policy-makers, religious and military leaders seek divine authority on which to base the struggle of their population and the loss of life. Have religious ethical values or theological aspects of the just war tradition influenced the nature of these military actions? Have the prevailing religious values kept military actions any more humane than they might otherwise have been? This paper will examine the theological roots of the just war tradition in the Christian and Islamic cultures. In addition, it will try to ascertain how religious ethics, and the just war tradition in particular, has been used between the †Å"war† on terror and the United States. Finally, this paper will dem... ...; Weigel, George. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, 1978. â€Å"Encyclopedia of Islam.† Esposito, John L. New York: International Union of Academies, 1960. â€Å"Exploring the Christian Faith.† Packer, J.I., Osborn, Grant R., Brown, Colin. Nashville, Tennessee: Lion Publishing, 1996. â€Å"Just War and Jihad, Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions.† Kelsay, John & Johnson, James Turner. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1991. â€Å"Living Religions.† Glasse, Cyril. Oxford University Press, 1995. Fisher, Mary Pat. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999. â€Å"The Christian Theology Reader.† McGrath, Alister E. Malden, Ma & Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 1995, 2001. â€Å"Pacifism.† Encyclopedia of Ethics. Ed. Becker, Lawrence C. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1992. â€Å"War and Peace.† Encyclopedia of Ethics. Ed. Becker, Lawrence C. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1992.

What Is It Like to Be Blind?

There are thousands of blind people in our country, and there are hundreds of thousands of them around the world. One can simply close his eyes in order to imagine what it is like to be blind. Such experiment is really the best way to understand how blind people feel and what they have to face in their daily life. The feelings I could experience after spending one hour with closed eyes touched me deeply. For some first minutes I was able only to make some slow and awkward movements, because I was quite scared of coming against the things around me.Certainly, I got used to the environment soon, but it was still difficult to cope with the situation and decide, what to do. Then, I got a new angle on the issue. What about career, accomplishments, love, success, or hope? Suddenly, I realized how helpless and apathetic the blind can feel. I tried to walk around my house and even came out of it, but I constantly felt stressed and very uncomfortable. I could experience how hard it must be fo r blind people to perform their daily routines without meaningful help of a sighted guide.Besides, it became clear to me that it takes more time and efforts of the blind to perform simple actions and operations, like turning on the oven or looking for the remote control, etc. Finally, I understood that, actually, the blind can not even do and enjoy many absolutely usual things we do and enjoy every day. They can not fully enjoy TV shows and movies like we can, can not read or surf Internet as fast as we can, and so on. Certainly, nowadays there are many technological solutions, which help blind people to read and write, or use computer, or stay organized, but it is still very complicated, I suppose.Therefore, this experiment helped me to experience some difficulties of the blind and taste the effects of failures they can face. Certainly, within the time such people get adapted to their disability and learn what they can and what they can not do. But this is really hard, and I only w ish all blind people to be strong, find their support and inspiration, and always use the power of their imagination in order to picture this world in bright and beautiful colors. Bibliography: †¢ â€Å"What Is It Like to Be Blind? † Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Chldren. Destra Business. 2007. 23 May 2007 .

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry When the video game industry started, back in the days of Pong, Atari, Commodore, and of course, the coin-op arcade, the majority of the developers were hardcore programmers who became game developers because they knew how to work in the language of the machines at the time. It was the generation of the mainframe programmer and the self-taught hobbyist turned pro. As time went on, traditional artists, designers, quality assurance, and other personnel became part of the development process. The concept of game developers being limited to elite coders began to fade, and the term game design became formalized. Beginning as a Tester Testing games for money have been a dream job for countless teens. For a while, testing was a viable path for the industry, although many quickly realized that it wasnt the job they imagined it would be. This path  worked for quite some time, but as game design, development, and publishing grew into a multibillion-dollar industry, the potential game designer needed more formal training and the office became a more professional setting in the times past.  It is still possible to progress from tech support or quality assurance into the development, but doing so without higher level education and training has become a rarity inside the big development companies.   QA and testing were once considered a no-qualification-required or entry-level job, but many publishers and developers have test teams with higher education and even development skills as well. Applying for Development Positions Getting a development position isnt just a matter of having some programming or art classes on your resume. Long, sometimes multi-day interview processes  stand between the aspiring developer and their dreams of making games. Questions you will want to ask yourself: Programmers: What titles have you shipped? If youre still a college student, what was your final project? Have you worked in a collaborative programming environment before? Do you know how to write clean, concise, documented code? Artists: What does your portfolio look like? Do you have a solid command of the tools you use? Can you take direction well? How about the ability to give constructive feedback? Game designers or level designers: What games are out there that youve made? Why did you make the decisions you did about gameplay, level flow, lighting, art style, or anything else that you did to make your game unique? Those are the easy questions. Programming interviews frequently involve having to stand up in front of your potential coworkers at a whiteboard and solve logic or programming efficiency problems. Level designers and artists may have to talk about their work on a video projector in the same sort of environment. Many game companies now check for compatibility with teammates. If youre not able to communicate with your potential peers, you may lose the chance at a job that youd be perfect for. Independent Development The recent rise of independently developed and published games has opened a new path for those looking to get into the game industry- but this is not an easy route by any stretch of the imagination. It requires a significant investment of time, energy, resources, and a drive to face a very competitive market. And most importantly, it requires that you know how to fail, and despite this to get up and move on to the next project until you make it.

Tobacco-Free Hospitals

Tobacco-Free Hospitals Tobacco use has been a subject of debate for quite some time. The individual's right to choose to smoke versus the individual's right to avoid air polluted with cigarette smoke is an ongoing battle. Reports on tobacco bans in businesses such as restaurants and bars has reignited the war zone and caught the public's attention once again. The American public is slowly becoming aware of hospitals that have begun to adopt a no-tobacco policy. It only makes sense that healthcare organizations should ban a product that has proven to be a leading cause in many types of cancer, diseases, death, and other health issues.Most people have seen the warning label on the side of cigarette packages, but apparently that label is not as effective as it was intended to be. Hospitals scattered all over the United States have recognized the detrimental effects of tobacco use and are taking measures to set a good example.smoked paukHospitals have banned smoking in patient rooms and other areas inside the hospitals since the 1980s. That too has proven to be only a small step towards limiting tobacco use. Though tobacco bans on hospital grounds has gained little notice, the number of hospitals undertaking this change is growing. According to the Killeen Daily Herald, Amanda Engler, a spokeswoman for the Texas Hospital Association, has seen several hospitals across the United States and Texas, including Dallas and Houston, opt for tobacco free grounds.Two hospitals in Temple, Texas have decided to take a great leap by banning all types of tobacco use inside and outside of the facilities. They are not the first hospitals in Texas to adopt this policy. However, they are the first in Central Texas to do so. Scott White Memorial Hospital has an effective date of January 1, 2005. Plans...

Evocative Object - IPod (3rd Gen) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evocative Object - IPod (3rd Gen) - Essay Example It has been significant in improving the way of doing things, enhancing quick and efficient communication, promoting quick exchange of data, increasing human interactions, and generally improving human life. However, most common in the recent technological advancements is the information and communication technologies (ICT). Information and communication technologies cover a wide range of applications subject to the many gadgets that fall under technological advancements. Some of these applications are in computers, cell phones, software, and other innovative gadgets. Nevertheless, applications of given technological gadgets depend on specific properties in such tools. More so, these properties manifest clearly in the telephony world where different phones have variant features. Personally, I have had experiences with various cell phones both in school and at home. This paper will therefore detail my experience with the 3rd generation iPod. The introduction of the iPod in the market followed the iPhone, which is a smart phone. Indeed, the iPod is a development of an iPhone and is a product of apple just like iPhone and iPad. Nevertheless, the iPod has an improved processor and has more improved features than earlier software. Actually, the iPod touch (3rd generation) is a technological improvement of the iPod touch (2nd generation). As such, the iPod touch (3rd generation) was technologically better and at the time it was the best sleek phone in the market. Hence, when my father gave me the 3rd generation iPod upon my success in my exams, a sensual feeling coupled with a beautiful experience came to my life. The iPod touch (3rd generation) had a faster processor, sleek in shape and green in color (Apple Web). My father brought the iPod at night during the summer after the release of my exam results. Upon opening the box carrying the iPod, I could not contain the excitement from the beautiful gadget that met my eyes. The green color is my favorite color and alth ough the iPod comes in various colors, my father made the best choice. The gadget was small and sleek thus flexible and convenient to carry. I comfortably rested in my pocket and the feeling of having such a classy gadget in my pocket was awesome. In addition, there were Apple earphones with remote and microphone, USB 2.0 cable, and a dock adapter in the box carrying the iPod (Apple Web). Since, the iPod touch was already charged; I had to try the Apple earphones by playing the default music in the iPod. Upon a closer look, I realized that the ear bud headphones had an allowance for adjusting the volume, video playback, and control music. In addition, the sound and pitch coming through the Apple earphones was exciting. At the same time, I tried the USB 2.0 cable via my laptop and it worked marvelously. I realized that the cable was significant in connecting the iPod with a computer. The dock adapter was equally synonymous in charging the iPod. These applications made me value the ga dget so much. As such, the next day I checked to school with it and could not resist showing my friends who were so excited to see it. I came to learn that the iPod had a very fast processor. As such, I can download files from the internet and access information with record speed. Indeed, in between lessons, I research

Youve just visited the doctor, and she has given you one week to live Essay

Youve just visited the doctor, and she has given you one week to live. How will you spend your final week on Earth - Essay Example I would begin immediately by visiting the people I know without informing them of my impending doom. I would seek their company for the last time before I begin to retrace my journey across the years and places that helped to shape what I am. A few laughs and some nostalgic conversation is all a man really needs to cheat the thought of impending doom. The next item in the agenda would be to visit the places that helped to fashion both the positivity and negativity inside me. Visiting these places would offer me the opportunity to observe how I have changed over the years as my life progressed. This nostalgic sojourn would also allow me to rediscover myself in new manners that might only be exposed through the juxtaposition of a certain purposelessness and aloofness from material reality. My journey into my past would also present me with the opportunity to recapture and re-experience the sights and sounds that I both cherished and detested. My last week on Earth would more or less be like living life all over again – only fast forwarded into a week’s time

Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Progressive Era - Essay Example According to Campell1, progressives were mainly comprised of middle class citizens who desired things to change. They believed that education and information were the key towards a better and fair society. Simon argues that, historically, there have there have been two primary chains of progressive thought concerning the proper relationship between politics and faith: secular and one emerging from religious social beliefs2. Secular progressive thought was associated with enlightened linearism. It is sceptical about particular religious beliefs, and exigent about keeping religion out of politics and politics out of religion. Thomas Jefferson and James Maddison advocated for religious conscience, freedom of conscience and separation of church and state. Liberalism caused a premium on rationality, self-determination, and personal morality above faith, public morality and church authority. Liberalism looked to establish a constitutional order in America that would stop the merging of government and religion that was prevalent in Europe3. During the progressive era, many religious leaders viewed liberalism as a taboo and worked hard to stop its spread. The Catholic Church was the dominant church at the time. They discorded with the liberal conception of faith and politics until the reconciling of Catholic teaching with liberal democracy. Eventually, these progressive beliefs triumphed in the country since many Americans accepted that one can practise their faith while keeping some religious beliefs from taking over the government and jeopardising the religious freedom of others. Another powerful chain of progressive thought came directly from religious beliefs during the social gospel movement. The preachers argued that they should apply everyone their teachings to solving public problems. Several protestant ministers and theologians in the 19th century such as Jennings Bryan and settlement founders such as Jane Addams espoused this belief4. Later,

Apoptosis - Short Essay Essay Example for Free

Apoptosis Short Essay Essay Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie first used the term apoptosis in a paper in 1972 to describe a morphologically distinct form of cell death, although certain components of the apoptosis concept had been described years previously. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of apoptosis in mammalian cells transpired from the investigation of programmed cell death that occurs during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Horvitz, 1999). In this organism 1090 somatic cells are generated in the formation of the adult worm, of which 131 of these cells undergo apoptosis or â€Å"programmed cell death. † These 131 cells die at particular points during the development process, which is invariant between worms, demonstrating the accuracy and control in this system. Apoptosis has been recognized and accepted as an important mode of â€Å"programmed† cell death, which involves the genetically determined elimination of cells. However, there is other forms of programmed cell death have been described and other forms of programmed cell death may yet be discovered Apoptosis occurs normally during development and aging and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations in tissues. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when disease or noxious agents damage cells. Although there are a wide variety of stimuli and conditions, both physiological and pathological, that can trigger apoptosis, not all cells will necessarily die in response to the same stimulus. Irradiation or drugs used for cancer chemotherapy results in DNA damage in some cells, which can lead to apoptotic death through a p53-dependent pathway. Some hormones, may lead to apoptotic death in some cells although other cells are unaffected or even stimulated. Some cells express Fas or TNF receptors that can lead to apoptosis via ligand binding and protein cross-linking. Other cells have a default death pathway that must be blocked by a survival factor such as a hormone or growth factor. There is also the issue of distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis, two processes that can occur independently, sequentially, as well as simultaneously (Zeiss, 2003). In some cases it’s the type of stimuli and/or the degree of stimuli that determines if cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. At low doses, a variety of injurious stimuli such as heat, radiation,  hypoxia and cytotoxic anticancer drugs can induce apoptosis but these same stimuli can result in necrosis at higher doses. Finally, apoptosis is a coordinated and often energy-dependent process that involves the activation of a group of cysteine proteases called â€Å"caspases† and a complex cascade of events that link the initiating stimuli to the final demise of the cell Loss of contro l of apoptosis may result in disease. Excessive apoptosis is implicated in AIDS and Alzheimers disease and insufficient apoptosis may lead to cancer. Morphology of Apoptosis Light and electron microscopy have identified the various morphological changes that occur during apoptosis. During the early process of apoptosis, cell shrinkage and pyknosis are visible by light microscopy. With cell shrinkage, the cells are smaller in size, the cytoplasm is dense and the organelles are more tightly packed. Pyknosis is the result of chromatin condensation. On examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain, apoptosis involves single cells or small clusters of cells. The apoptotic cell appears as a round/oval mass. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs followed by karyorrhexis and separation of cell fragments into apoptotic bodies during a process called â€Å"budding.† Apoptotic bodies consist of cytoplasm with tightly packed organelles with or without a nuclear fragment. The organelle integrity is maintained and all of this is enclosed within an intact plasma membrane. These bodies are subsequently phagocytosed by macrophages, or neoplastic cells and degraded within phagolysosomes. Macrophages that engulf and digest apoptotic cells are called â€Å"tingible body macrophages† and are found within the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles or within the thymic cortex. There is no inflammatory reaction with the process of apoptosis nor with the removal of apoptotic cells because: (1) apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into the surrounding interstitial tissue; (2) they are quickly phagocytosed by surrounding cells thus likely preventing secondary necrosis; and, (3) the engulfing cells do not produce anti-inflammatory cytokines. Distinguishing Apoptosis from Necrosis The alternative to apoptotic cell death is necrosis, which is considered to be a toxic process where the cell is a passive victim and follows an energy independent mode of death. Oncosis is used to describe a process that leads to necrosis with karyolysis and cell swelling whereas apoptosis leads to cell death with cell shrinkage, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis. Although the mechanisms and morphologies of apoptosis and necrosis differ, there is overlap between these two processes. Necrosis and apoptosis represent morphologic expressions of a shared biochemical network described as the â€Å"apoptosis-necrosis continuum† .For example, two factors that will convert an ongoing apoptotic process into a necrotic process include a decrease in the availability of caspases and intracellular ATP Whether a cell dies by necrosis or apoptosis depends in part on the nature of the cell death signal, the tissue type, the developmental stage of the tissue and the physiologic milieu (Zeiss, 2003). It is not always easy to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis, they can occur simultaneously depending on factors such as the intensity and duration of there stimulus, the extent of ATP depletion and the availability of caspases (Zeiss, 2003). Necrosis is an uncontrolled and passive process that usually affects large fields of cells whereas apoptosis is controlled and energy-dependent and can affect individual or clusters of cells. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma that result unregulated digestion of cell components Some of the major morphological changes that occur with necrosis include cell swelling; formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles; distended endoplasmic reticulum; formation of cytoplasmic blebs; condensed, swollen or ruptured mitochondria; disaggregation and detachment of ribosomes; disrupted organelle membranes; swollen and ruptured lysosomes; and eventually disruption of the cell membrane. This loss of cell membrane results in the release of the cytoplasmic contents into the surrounding tissue, sending chemotatic signals with eventual recruitment of inflammatory cells. Because apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into the  surrounding tissue and are quickly phagocytosed by macrophages or normal cells, there is essentially no inflammatory reaction. It is also important to note that pyknosis and karyorrhexis are not exclusive to apoptosis (Kurosaka et al., 2003). Mechanisms of Apoptosis The mechanisms of apoptosis are highly complex involving an energy dependent cascade of molecular events. Research indicates that there are two main apoptotic pathways: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. However, there is now evidence that the two pathways are linked and that molecules in one pathway can influence the other. There is an additional pathway that involves T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and perforin-granzyme dependent killing of the cell. The perforin/granzyme pathway can induce apoptosis via either granzyme B or granzyme A. The extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme B pathways converge on the same execution pathway. This pathway is initiated by the cleavage of caspase-3 and results in DNA fragmentation, degradation of cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, crosslinking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, expression of ligands for phagocytic cell receptors and finally uptake by phagocytic cells. Caspases have proteolytic activity and are able to cleave proteins at aspartic acid residues, although different caspases have different specificities involving recognition of neighboring amino acids. Once caspases are initially activated, there seems to be an irreversible commitment towards cell death. To date, ten major caspases have been identified and broadly categorized into initiators (caspase-2,-8,-9,-10), effectors or executioners (caspase-3,-6,-7) and inflammatory caspases (caspase-1,-4,-5). Caspase-11, which is reported to regulate apoptosis and cytokine maturation during septic shock, caspase-14, which is highly expressed in embryonic tissues but not in adult tissues . Extensive protein cross-linking is another characteristic of apoptotic cells and is achieved through the expression and activation of tissue transglutaminase. Another feature is the expression of cell surface markers that result in the early phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells by adjacent cells, permitting  quick phagocytosis with minimal compromise to the surrounding tissue. This is achieved by the movement of the normal inward-facing phosphatidylserine of the cell’s lipid bilayer to expression on the outer layers of the plasma membrane. Externalization of phosphatidylserine is a well-known recognition ligand for phagocytes on the surface of the apoptotic cell. PATHWAYS Extrinsic Pathway—The extrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve transmembrane receptor-mediated interactions. These involve death receptors that are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily. Members of the TNF receptor family share similar cyteine-rich extracellular domains and have a cytoplasmic domain of about 80 amino acids called the â€Å"death domain†. This death domain plays a critical role in transmitting the death signal from the cell surface to the intracellular signaling pathways.The sequence of events that define the extrinsic phase of apoptosis are best characterized with the FasL/FasR and TNF-ÃŽ ±/TNFR1 models. In these models, there is clustering of receptors and binding with the homologous trimeric ligand. Upon ligand binding, cytoplasmic adapter proteins are recruited which exhibit corresponding death domains that bind with the receptors. The binding of Fas ligand to Fas receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein FADD and the binding of TNF ligand to TNF receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein TRADD with recruitment of FADD and RIP. FADD then associates with procaspase-8 via dimerization of the death effector domain. At this point, a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is formed, resulting in the auto-catalytic activation of procaspase-8 . Once caspase-8 is activated, the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Death receptor mediated apoptosis can be inhibited by a protein called c-FLIP which will bind to FADD and caspase-8, rendering them ineffective. Another point of potential apoptosis regulation involves a protein called Toso, which shows to block Fas-induced apoptosis in T cells via inhibition of caspase-8 processing . Intrinsic Pathway—The intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve a diverse array of non-receptor-mediated stimuli that produce  intracellular signals that act directly on targets within the cell and are mitochondrial-initiated events. The stimuli that initiate the intrinsic pathway produce intracellular signals that may act in either a positive or negative fashion. Negative signals involve the absence of certain growth factors, hormones and cytokines that can lead to failure of suppression of death programs, thereby triggering apoptosis. In other words, there is the withdrawal of factors, loss of apoptotic suppression, and subsequent activation of apoptosis. Other stimuli that act in a positive fashion include, but are not limited to, radiation, toxins, hypoxia, hyperthermia, viral infections, and free radicals. All of these stimuli cause changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that results in an opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of two main groups of normally sequestered pro-apoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space into the cytosol. The first group consists of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and the serine protease HtrA2/Omi. These proteins activate the caspase dependent mitochondrial pathway. Cytochrome c binds and activates Apaf-1 as well as procaspase-9, forming an â€Å"apoptosome† The clustering of procaspase-9 leads to caspase-9 activation. Smac/DIABLO and HtrA2/Omi are reported to promote apoptosis by inhibiting IAP activity. Additional mitochondrial proteins interact with and suppress the action of IAP The second group of pro-apoptotic proteins, AIF, endonuclease G and CAD, are released from the mitochondria during apoptosis, but this is a late event that occurs after the cell has committed to die. AIF translocate to the nucleus and causes DNA fragmentation and condensation of peripheral nuclear chromatin. This early form of nuclear condensation is referred to as â€Å"stage I† condensation. Endonuclease G also translocates to the nucleus where it cleaves nuclear chromatin to produce oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. AIF and endonuclease G both function in a caspase-independent manner. CAD is released from the mitochondria and translocates to the nucleus where, after cleavage by caspase-3, it leads to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and a more pronounced and advanced chromatin condensation. This later and more  pronounced chromatin condensation is referred to as â€Å"stage II†condensation The control and regulation of these apoptotic mitochondrial events occurs through members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins .The tumor suppressor protein p53 has a critical role in regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.The Bcl-2 family of proteins governs mitochondrial membrane permeability and can be either pro-apoptotic or antiapoptotic. 25 genes have been identified in the Bcl-2 family. Some of the anti-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-XL, Bcl-XS and some of the pro-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-10, Bax, Bad, Bim, and Blk. These proteins can determine if the cell commits to apoptosis or aborts the process. It is thought that the main mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins is the regulation of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis is mediated by the caspase-8 cleavage of Bid. This is one example of the â€Å"cross-talk† between the death-receptor (extrinsic) pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway. Serine phosphorylation of Bad is associated with 14-3-3, a member of a family of multifunctional phosphoserine binding molecules. When Bad is phosphorylated, it is trapped by 14-3-3 and sequestered in the cytosol but once Bad is unphosphorylated, it will translocate to the mitochondria to release cytochrome C. Bad can also heterodimerize with Bcl-Xl or Bcl-2, neutralizing their protective effect and promoting cell death When not sequestered by Bad, both Bcl-2 and BclXl inhibit the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria. Reports indicate that Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inhibit apoptotic death primarily by controlling the activation of caspase proteases. An additional protein designated â€Å"Aven† appears to bind both Bcl-Xl and Apaf-1, thereby preventing activation of procaspase-9. Puma and Noxa are two members of the Bcl2 family that are also involved in pro-apoptosis. Puma plays an important role in p53-mediated apoptosis. It was shown that, in vitro, overexpression of Puma is accompanied by increased BAX expression, BAX conformational change, translocation to the  mitochondria, cytochrome c release and reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Noxa is also a mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Studies show that this protein can localize to the mitochondria and interact with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. Caspase-3 is the most important of the executioner caspases and is activated by any of the initiator caspases (caspase-8, caspase-9, or caspase-10). Caspase-3 specifically activates the endonuclease CAD. In proliferating cells CAD is complexed with its inhibitor, ICAD. In apoptotic cells, activated caspase-3 cleaves ICAD to release CAD. CAD then degrades chromosomal DNA within the nuclei and causes chromatin condensation. Caspase-3 also induces cytoskeletal reorganization and disintegration of the cell into apoptotic bodies. Gelsolin, an actin binding protein, has been identified as one of the key substrates of activated caspase-3. Caspase-3 will cleave gelsolin and the cleaved fragments of gelsolin, in turn, cleave actin filaments in a calcium independent manner. This results in disruption of the cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, cell division, and signal transduction. Phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells is the last component of apoptosis. Phospholipid asymmetry and externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells and their fragments is the hallmark of this phase. The mechanism of phosphatidylserine translocation to the outer leaflet of the cell during apoptosis has been associated with loss of aminophospholipid translocase activity and nonspecific flip-flop of phospholipids of various classes. Research indicates that Fas, caspase-8, and caspase-3 are involved in the regulation of phosphatidylserine externalization on oxidatively stressed erythrocytes however caspase-independent phosphatidylserine exposure occurs during apoptosis of primary T lymphocytes. The appearance of phosphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cells then facilitates noninflammatory phagocytic recognition, allowing for their early uptake and disposal.This process of early and efficient uptake with no  release of cellular constituents, results in no inflammatory response. (Fadok et al., 2001). The process for apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. Excessive apoptosis results in diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease. Cancer is an example where the normal mechanisms of cell cycle regulation are dysfunctional, with either an over proliferation of cells and/or decreased removal of cells. Tumor cells can acquire resistance to apoptosis by the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 or by the down-regulation or mutation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax. The expression of both Bcl-2 and Bax is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene Alterations of various cell signaling pathways can result in dysregulation of apoptosis and lead to cancer. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and is the most widely mutated gene in human tumorigenesis. The critical role of p53 is evident by the fact that it is mutated in over 50% of all human cancers. p53 can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, can hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition, and can initiate apoptosis if the DNA damage proves to be irreparable. Tumorigenesis can occur if this system goes awry. If the p53 gene is damaged, then tumor suppression is severely reduced. The p53 gene can be damaged by radiation, various chemicals, and viruses.

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management Pain and Anxiety Management in Hospice care patients through Pet Therapy Arlena Davis Pet therapy is a form of treatment used in hospitals, nursing homes and educational institutions. It involves guided dealings between a trained animal, an individual and the animal trainer. Pet therapy offers patients the opportunity to improve their life through human-animal relations. The practice problem is to determine the effectiveness of using animals to aid humans cope better with health matters. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients. Background and Significance The focus of this research proposal will be on Hospice care; planned care to provide medical services, spiritual and emotional support to individuals who are in the advanced stages of illness. It centers on comfort and abundance of life rather than cure. Hunters and gatherers first used the pet therapy and the initial report was done in late 18th century at the York Retreat in Britain headed by William Tuke. Domesticated pets, marine creatures and farm animals are the most used. Several benefits are associated with pet therapy, lower blood pressure and reduced depression. A major problem of pet therapy is although scientists present the relationship between humans and companion animals as favorable, there is need for investigational studies to determine its effectiveness. In using pet therapy, it is important that the rights of the people affected as those of their animal companions be respected. The patient can choose the pet of his choice to improve their health. The pets used are service animals and must be allowed to accompany a disabled person wherever they go. However, caution should be taken to avoid pets with a temperament as they tend to be a nuisance. Elderly people and people suffering from chronic illnesses are the most affected. Pet therapy has its complications and can be costly. Failure of this therapy can result in a painful and intolerable death for a patient in a short period. Pet therapy gives hospice patients and their families some hope of a quality life. If this program fails, the family members of the patient might suffer from depression. It might also instill fear and uncertainty to patients undergoing pet therapy. Pet therapy can be costly because it entails hiring a certified and well-trained pet. In addition, hospice patients may need to be in a health facility. Review of Literature The research proposal discusses the different studies conducted concerning pet therapy by various authors. It includes both theoretical reviews of data previously recorded and empirical studies in different places with patients of different age groups. The different study designs applied by the authors include; systematic review of the evidence, Quasi-experimental investigations, review of qualitative studies, survey questionnaires, randomized control trial and pre-post quasi-experimental design. According to Stem (2011), pet therapy treatment enables patients in a hospice get short time relief from pain, stress and anxiety. He however did not have an in-depth analysis due to lack of quality research data. The review was conducted on the comments 31of professionals who used Animal Assisted therapy (AAT) for mental health care. Animal Assisted Therapy was beneficial (O’Callaghan, 2008). The method provided qualitative, and the interpretation could have been biased. A convenience sample of 58 residents living in a facility was studied to determine the changes in the use of medication. A Decline in pain Medication use (Lust, Ryan-Haddad, Coover, Snell, 2007). AAT helped in rehabilitating schizophrenic patients (Kovà ¡cs, Kis, Rà ³zsa, Rà ³zsa, 2004). The findings were made after surveying the independent living skills of seven schizophrenic patients at a hospice. In a different approach, pre-post quasi-experimental design was used on hospitalized patients with the aim of finding out the effects on not only their mood but also the cost incurred. Pet therapy improved mood in hospitalized patients and was cost effective (Coakley Mahoney, 2009). The patients in hospice care also include children. In this research proposal, a review of the effectiveness of pet therapy on them is also done. AAT has benefits for the children in pain. The group having AAT had a significant loss in pain level relative to the control group (Braun, Stangler, Narveson, Pettingell, 2009). Survey questionnaires also serve as an excellent source of conducting research. In one such instance used to investigate the effectiveness of pet therapy, Companion animals reduced anxiety (Peacock, Chur-Hansen, Winefield, 2012). The conclusion was made after reviewing the responses of a sample of 70 hospitalized patients. Persons with neurological conditions also get assistance through pet therapy to help improve their functioning. In one of the prospective studies, the researchers focused on the improvement in walking distance covered and the speed of the patient as well. Walking with a dog improved patient ambulation and patients responded positively to the experience (Rita, Brienne Joseph, 2007) However, the positive findings of using pet therapy do not reflect the opinions of all the researchers. Anxiety inventory did not decrease significantly but was low after Animal Assisted Therapy (Ekeberg Braastad, 2011). Also according to Bercovitz, Sengupta, Jones, Harris-kojetin, (2011), there are no differences in demographics, health, functional status between patients discharged from hospice or those who got complementary and alternative therapies CAT. They made this conclusion by reviewing the outcomes of complementary and alternative therapies. The different research methods applied by the researchers had their shortcomings. The most common being; lack of randomness in sample selection, biased interpretations due to use of either qualitative or quantitative information, the lack of evidence of the cause and effect and a limited sample size. The findings of some researcher proved quite unreliable, as they did not do follow-ups on their subjects. It is crucial to know how Animal Assisted Therapy works and which animals are best suited for this treatment. Research Problem Introducing a pet into the life of a patient has been proven to distract the patient from pain, anxiety and reduces hypertension. Furthermore, it helps patients regain control of their social and communication skills (unity point, n.d.). The caregivers use this option to provide palliative care; care aimed at reducing pain, suffering and discomfort in order to provide them with a better chance at living (1800hospice, n.d.). Control of pain and anxiety is the main aim of hospice care. The option is considered when one is no longer aggressive in treating illness and is ready to accept death. A caregiver’s responsibility is to offer the best therapy possible. The patients find it easier to interact with the animals than with family members (Hospice of North Central Ohio, 2014). Study Purpose Studies have indicated that the presence of a pet in the facility help relieve patients’ pain and gives the staff morale to continue providing care to the patients. The act of petting has an automatic and subconscious relaxing and calming effect (Methodist Health, 2014). Furthermore, the use of pets can help bridge the communication gap between the patient, the doctor and family (Matuszek, 2010). Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Definitions The theory of comfort asserts that comfort exists in three main forms; relief, ease and transcendence. When the comfort needs of the patient are met, he experiences comfort in the form of getting relief (March McCormack,2009). Ease facilitates the comfort of a patient through contentment by arraying any fears and anxiety from the patient. Transcendence facilitates the patient achieve a level of comfort by rising above any challenges during or after treatment. The theory posits that patient comfort occurs in four contexts; physical, psycho-spiritual, socio-cultural and environmental (Kolcaba DiMarco, 2005). It emphasizes that patients are individuals, families, institutions and even communities that need healthcare services. The environment encompasses any aspects of the patient, family or institution that nurses may manipulate in order to provide comfort to patients. Rationale The theory is a good fit for the study since it informs the need for nurses and patient’s relatives to pursue available methodologies to mitigate pain and patient discomforts. The theory fosters courage and spirit of enthusiasm and positivity and reminds nurses not to give up (Lasiuk Ferguson, 2005). The independent variable is pet therapy to reduce pain while the dependent variable is end of life patient management. The independent and dependent variables are linked to the concepts since the choice of appropriate therapies is ideal to effective patient management especially in the end of life processes. In order to attain desirable relief for the patient, the nursing personnel formulates proper nursing care plans and continuously evaluates comfort levels of the patient to determine the need for change (Melnyk Overholt, 2010). The nurse may use objective or subjective measures to evaluate the levels of comfort for the patient. Objective assessments involve, making observations of the patient and the healing process. Subjective measures include seeking the patient’s comments. Hypothesis Hospice care patients and their families will chose pet therapy as a feasible treatment option when end of life conversations are being debated at the time of diagnosis. Design and Rationale The research design will be in the form of a cross-sectional survey of pain and anxiety management in hospice care through pet therapy. It will be used to determine the success of this treatment and to predict its usefulness in future. The rationale of using the cross-sectional approach is because this proposal will focus on one variable; the effectiveness of pet therapy for hospice care using data collected in different institutions during the same period. Population and Sample The appropriate population for this proposal is the patients under hospice care. The sample will be chosen randomly which will include patients in hospitals, nursing homes and those in hospice care institution. Since the number of patients is large, the sample size for this study will be 60 patients involving people of different ages and suffering from different illnesses. Human Subjects Protection In conducting this study, the ethical practice of human subject protection will be adhered to. The research will be based on objectivity and the data collected from the patients will only be used for the research. The relevant authorities of such as family and institution directors will be consulted for permission. Operational Definition The independent variable for this research proposal is the use of pet therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in hospice patients. Pet therapy is a program, which involves creating a relationship between a patient and animal to help improve their health condition. The dependent variable is the end of life patient management this is provided through hospice care to patients who are in the late years of their life. Measurement Discussion In determining the success of use of pet therapy in managing pain and anxiety among hospice patients, both qualitative and quantitative measurements will be done. The key factors to be considered will be the amount of time spent with the pet, the blood pressure of individuals before and after pet therapy. The state of depression shall also be monitored as well as the amount of intake of pain relievers. Summary Pet therapy for hospice care patients has proven very helpful remedy during the end of life stage. 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A survey of the use of complementary and alternative medicine in Illinois Hospice and Palliative Care Organizations.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 1049909113500378. VNA hospice volunteers complete training. (2013). The Evening Sun Wenger NS, Verpa PM, (2010) Ethical issues in patients-physician communication about therapy for cancer professional responsibility of the ecologist